Rothlein D, Rapp B (2014) The similarity structure of distributed neural responses reveals the multiple representations of letters. It takes a wide range of activities to study handwriting. Gabriele Sani correspond pursuant to the graphologists to specific personality traits, cognitive styles and emotional states. They found that the semantic associations between the words used to describe personality traits were the source of the perceived correlation that might motivate the use of graphology in the face of evidence against its validity. The authors presented an activation of right cerebellum, in particular it has been reported increased cerebellar activation in the right anterior cerebellum and in the right posterior cerebellum [90]. assessment center praxis der personalpsychologie band 3. the Graphology is an auxiliary technique of psychology, medicine and justice, among others. Results in this study showed that brain activity predominantly correlated with the right hemisphere indicating a greater neural efficiency positively modulated in the right hemisphere [57]. According to recent surveys, in Italy, Greece and the Netherlands 10% of companies employing graphology in selection, while in Switzerland the percentage stands at 15.8% [28, 33-36]. Gradually it has been possible to ascertain on how many and such fields of studies the graphological approaches have been engaged comparing them with opinions and feedbacks from the academic and scientific world. They identified an essentially left-hemisphere network associated with written word production, providing estimates of the most likely locations of activation within these areas. Graphology is the study of handwriting as a means of analyzing character. We suppose that graphology and psychology could complement each other, and in this perspective, we explore the hypothesis of the existence of a bidirectional relationship between psychology, graphology and neuroscience which allows to gain insight into ourselves and others. n. the study of the physical characteristics of handwriting, particularly as a means of inferring the writer's psychological state or personality characteristics. Graphology examines a writing in order to extract unfiltered information about innate temperament and subconscious nature of who has traced the letters. (2007) Graphology for the diagnosis of suicide attempts: a blind proof of principle controlled study. In 2013, Gawda hypothesized to verify specific signs in handwriting referable to a major depressive disorder in a group of 30 patients who received this diagnosis compared to a control group of 60 healthy individuals and another group of 60 persons suffering from a bipolar disorder of which 30 in the depressive phase and other 30 in that manic phase [47]. In the course of the evolution of the studies on writing, the graphologists drew in parallel on the areas that were developing and expanding in psychological theories and practices, in particular important points of reference for them were Sigmund Freud and Carl Gustav Jung. Balestrino M, Fontana P, Terzuoli S, Volpe S, Inglese ML et al. Nevertheless, for Blinkhorn handwriting represents a part of the self-presentation, excluding the relationship between the elements of the formation of a letter, the size, direction and continuity of the letters of handwriting and individual characteristics. These elements are used by graphologists in handwriting assessments. It is a science because it measures the structure and movement of the written forms - slants, angles and spacing are accurately calculated and the pressure is observed in magnification and with precision. Pulver, M (1972) Symbolik der Handschrift: ein Lehrbuch d. Graphologie. Bradley recognized the need for systematic studies on a large scale to prove the validity of graphology noting that graphology has been developed using a combination of inductive and deductive reasoning [99]. Furnham, Premuzic AC, Callahan IT (2003) Does Graphology Predict Personality and Intelligence? Rosenblum S, Werner P, Dekel T, Gurevitz I, Heinik J (2010) Handwriting process variables among elderly people with mild Major Depressive Disorder: a preliminary study. Fogassi L, Gallese V (2004) Action Binding as a Key to Multisensory Integration. Neter E, Ben Shakhar G (1989) The predictive validity of graphological inferences: A meta-analytic approach. Freud S (1976) Lio e les: 1922. Their results revealed that inferior frontal gyrus may represent a key link between phonological processing and written production quality in beginning writers. The interpretation also considered comparisons between productions of the same writer and graphic elements of interpretation derived from empirical data of previous researchers. Like drawing, writing according to the techniques of graphological investigations illustrates a unique and unrepeatable way in every human being that is expressed more and more in the course of life in a spontaneous manner and through which the unconscious connotations of the human soul are projected. To judge the validity of a disputed will is complex; however, a major problem is to estimate the state of the mental faculties of the testator at the time of the intentions expressed. Even Confucius, in the year 500 A. D. made reference to the action of writing as moved by the spirit of man in the same way in which a reed sways in the wind. Blinkhorn interrogated himself about the reasons for which the calligraphy and character should be connected as it is easy to show conferring to the handwriting to the appearance of a pure and simple peripheral motor habit [102]. gy gra-fl--j plural graphologies : the study of handwriting especially for the purpose of character analysis graphological in: Calvert GA, Spence C be Stein (Eds.). Finally, Brewer has argued that, with respect to nursing care, graphology has been an aid to the understanding and possible hidden inner conflicts in students, nurses and other health professionals [38]. Our intent is therefore to start an effective collaboration in order to enhance the tribute of graphology as a social science to psychological speculation. In addition, Ward found that the graphotherapy realized through written exercises could exert a positive effect on insomnia of adults favoring a more positive state of mind if repeated over a period of three weeks. Mouly S, Mah I, Champion K, Bertin C, Popper P et al. Allport GW, Vernon PE (1933) Studies in expressive movement. In: Cultural Psychology. The usefulness of these parameters resides in assessing now, the will of the testators handwriting, by then, before his death, the mental condition of a deceased person. What is GRAPHOLOGY? Important characteristics of graphological studies are considered the harmony and disharmony levels of handwriting such as the reflection of the balance degree of the writer. Salvatore Mazza Some forensic graphologists were then engaged in the examination of the entire handwriting sample that turned out so 150 elements to search for signs graphics empirically measured and related to depression among which the direction of the line, the type of the tract, the conformation respectively of the affective letters and the letters m and n, the inclination, the initial and final traits, the size and the prevailing areas of handwriting. The term derives etymologically from the Greek, consisting of the word graph meaning to write and logos signifying word, study, therefore graphology is the study of writing. Lemke EA, Kirchner JH (1971) A Multivariate Study of Handwriting, Intelligence, and Personality Correlates. Bruchon Schweitzer M, Ferrieux D (1991) Une enquete sur le recruitement en France. Rafaeli A, Klimoski RJ (1983) Predicting sales success through handwriting analysis: An evaluation of the effects of training and handwriting sample content. Van Gemmert AW, Teulings HL, Contreras Vidal JL, Stelmach GE (1999) Parkinsons disease and the control of size and speed in handwriting. Eleonora Gaetani departed from the hypothesis that the tendency to introversion, extroversion, reflection and impulsivity were aspects of personality detectable from an handwriting analysis [54]. Petrides M, Pandya DN (1984) Projections to the frontal cortex from the posterior parietal region in the rhesus monkey. The method of writing Chinese calligraphy has been used and compared with meditation to test the hypothesis of the effects on stress reduction. Robert derived from his studies that the negative mood was linked to the letters dissociated and the conduct of the graphic layout [44]. Cohen L, Dehaene S (2004) Specialization within the ventral stream: the case for the visual word form area. The French graphologist selected 200 graphological signs that gathered in seven categories consisted of: size, shape, pressure, speed, direction, layout and continuity, all addressed in the unicum of a gestalt. The handwriting process consists of hands stereotyped movements involving two basic motor components, that is, holding firmly a pen with fingers and moving hand and fingers to produce a text. Nezos R (1992) Graphology. Ishikawa T, Nemoto M, Nemoto K, Takeuchi T, Numata Y et al. Basic Measures. Barrett observes the multifaceted aspects of a personality that are reflected in the handwriting and can be expressed sometimes in contradictory sense [100]. Bertolino M, Steiner DD (2007) Fairness Reactions to Selection Methods: An Italian study. Such activation is explained as the result of motor control functions derived from complex finger movements [94]. The concept was invented by the French, he notes, and to become a graphologist, you typically have to study for around five to seven years. . The interpretative hypothesis in these cases was that of a conversion of the symptom expression, which is not necessarily obvious to all patients in treatment. Other works vice versa argue that through the use of graphology can be drawn some personality traits [109-114]. To restrict the field to a psychological and psychological-clinical position, the stimulus that we felt in this exploration work could be to open a way of perspective comparison between different points of view in order to search for elements of correspondence in the study of personality and health mental, through the identification and use of tools that can be correlated between them by both parties respecting criteria of validity, sensitivity, reliability and significance. In 1894, meanwhile, a French psychologist of the Sorbonne, professor of physiological psychology, Alfred Binet, dedicated himself to the study of handwriting to get the sex of the person who writes, in his essay Les rvlations de lcriture daprs un contrle scientifique. In 1985 the graphologist had been employed in the field of human resources in different countries [26, 27]. On the other hand, Rothlein et al. Graphology is based on the premise that writing is a form of expressive behavior, although there is little empirical evidence for its validity. Williams et al. It would be particularly interesting to start from the characteristics traced by graphology, through such a refined and complex technique, to correlate them to the evidences that emerge from the use of the psychometric tools. McNeal JU (1967) Graphology: A New Marketing Research Technique. These findings could argue for the success of therapy. In a more recent paper, Crespo et al. One of his famous treatise titled Intelligence and feeling. Crpieux Jamin (1947) Lcriture et le caractre. He showed interest particularly in handwriting movement and dynamism. (2014) Calligraphy and meditation for stress reduction: an experimental comparison. Several centuries later, in Greece, philosophers like Aristotle and Dionysius of Halicarnassus devoted attention to the meaning of the scriptures. The author mentions terms such as graphotherapy and palmistry named in the book of Watson. De Rosa AG, Pacini A, Scaroni E, Riccardo F, Nardi L et al. Rozin P, Nemeroff C (1990) The laws of sympathetic magic. In the alteration of this mechanism the motor slowing, for example, represents an important aspect of depression, Mergl et al. The monitoring consisted in the measurement of respiratory rate, EMG signs and heart rate. A series of studies on depressive evidence through the use of graphology have occurred over time [47]. In the second half of the nineteenth century, between 1806 and 1881, in France, the Abb Jean-Hippolyte Michon coined the term graphology catalogued as a series of recurrent graphic signs and empirically linked to specific aspects of the character. A case study of a job market myth. According to the authors, therefore, the practice of writing Chinese calligraphy could be used to improve the mental and physical health through stress reduction. The change in handwriting in accordance with the physical and mental condition of a person such as anxiety, fatigue, stress, pain, even within in the same day has been indicated by Singer as an unfavorable element regarding the identification of a person character by the analysis of his or her handwriting since such conditions can influence it [98]. Planton S, Jucla M, Roux FE, Dmonet JF (2013) The handwriting brain: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies of motor versus orthographic processes. The intent of the present paper was to establish an initial approach to the discipline and to the points of view of graphology through the research of the state of the art over time, starting from its beginnings. Urbani P (2004) Processo alla grafologia: magia, arte o scienza? It is primarily viewed as a pseudoscience and is controversial regarding its validity as a projective personality test. denounced in graphology a poor reliability on the assessment of personality traits and the prediction of achievement success in the workplace [105]. contact@sciencerepository.org Ward M (1985) Graphology Enhances education, part 1.10. In the Jungian conception, the Shadow constitutes a set of instinctual desires and primitive emotions in contrast with society, plays an influential role in the Personal Unconscious where it indicates the darkness of the individual and in the Collective Unconscious as a phenomenon common to all humanity. Kristeva J (1994) Soleil noir, quelques aspects de la dpression feminine. This opportunity could emerge along a gestaltic continuum that starts from the identification of characteristics of the person, accompanies the maturing evolution of the human being up to constitute as a tool of monitoring and verification complementary to the progress of a psychotherapeutic process, passing also for neurophysiopathological stages as well as those of application in rehabilitation techniques. In addition, the precision of the estimates did not depend on the contents of the writings, although the handwritten texts were spontaneously produced [115]. The assessment elements were concentrated on the pressure line and the spatial setting. Pulver is considered one of the most important exponents of the science of graphology and spatial symbolism, even now an integral element of the evaluation system of handwriting. So, unlike psychology, which is "the science concerned with the mind and mental processes," Webster's does not regard graphology to be a "science." What, then, is Webster's definition of a "science"? Even in a study archival of 73 men and 168 women on the signature and the results of the scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 was observed a correspondence between graphological signs and psychological perception of their gender identity [55]. Grace et al. Dehaene S, Cohen L, Sigman M, Vincher F (2005) The neural code for written words: a proposal. In Germany a contemporary of Michon, Adolf Hentze, worked as a graphological practitioner for a Leipzig periodical and by a series of correct handwriting analyses not only . in a study conducted in patients with psychological distress noticed a correlation between the data derived from the study of signatures based on graphometric variables and personality characteristics together with the intellectual level [52]. In particular, empiricism denies the possibility of innate ideas, arguing that the mind at birth is like a blank sheet of paper (see tabula rasa ). Graphology is the study of human personality through writing. Our behavioral habits and reactions are acquired through life based on our life experiences. Therefore, writing is a process that requires the integration of visual, proprioceptive (kinesthetic and haptic) and tactile functions for it to be completed [58]. Bradley N (1985) How hypothesis testing can help graphology. This point of view was regarded with some favour by important psychologists such as Gordon Allport and Philip E. Vernon that refer to it in the Treaty Studies in Expressive Movement [39]. Churchill Livingstone. It was invented in the eighteenth century, gained traction in the 19th when psychology was born, and took off in the early twentieth century, along with notions of the individual self, which coincided with fears about the individual in an age of . Figure 1: The estimated number of graphologists according to Bradley, set in descending order on the basis of the percentage of graphologists in the active population (millions). psychology, scientific discipline that studies mental states and processes and behaviour in humans and other animals. The several schools born for the study of handwriting, using different methods and techniques, must be able to come to the same evidence, referring to certain theoretical assumptions which have been summarized by Bell [13, 14]. Astrm et al. Freud S (2015) Tre saggi sulla teoria sessuale. Dynamic disturbances in the handwriting of psychotics (part I). The act of writing is a complex cognitive process as it is based on complicated sensory, motor and perceptual functions. In this context Platon and colleagues argued that the superior parietal cortex might be concerned with the selection or representation of letter shapes and had a part of a high-level interface between motor and language areas during written language production [90]. The interpretation of handwriting. The coexistence of opposite conditions of human nature is so evident even more so it is subject to the mutations of the moments in fact everyone can be lazy and worker, timid and brave, dependent and independent. In substance, it has been produced an assimilation between procedures concerning the personality evaluation and ranging from graphology to astrology, numerology up to include alternative forms of medicine such as osteopathy and acupuncture. The act of writing draws on the energy and the creative tension inside a metaphorical representation of the inner world. (2003) Anatomical correlates of dyslexia: frontal and cerebellar findings. The data emerging from the study showed significant differences for markers of depression among patients affected by depressive disorder and the control group. (2009) The graphemic/motor frontal area Exners area revisited. In particular, it is interesting to quote the views of authors such as Dazzi and Pedrabissi attributing the graphology a title in evaluating the authenticity or otherwise of a writing; in their view it would seem likely recognize the writing of his own hand by a human being in the nature of a fingerprint that allows to operate checks and calligraphic examination in the protocols used in forensics such as wills, documents written by the hand of a person and referring to that person [24]. The discipline of psychology is broadly divisible into two parts: a large profession of practitioners and a smaller but growing science of mind, brain, and social behaviour. The extension of the graphological methodology also in the field of dentistry in a survey of 2013 differentiated behaviours and psychological tendencies manifested during the application of the prosthesis in relation to the emotional state [56]. Bollati Boringhieri. Dean DJ, Teulings HL, Caligiuri M, Mittal VA (2013) Handwriting analysis indicates spontaneous dyskinesias in neuroleptic nave adolescents at high risk for psychosis.
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