36 0 obj "This essay argues that ecocriticism today has acclimatized transnational perspectives, and that transnationalization of ecocriticism explains its propensity to move beyond its insular focus on geographical and U.S.-based paradigms. Its role is to interrogate and critique these perceptions, even within environmentalism itself, with some ecocritics also committed to exploring alternative ways of conceptualising our relationship with the non-human world. 0000005783 00000 n What is a brief description of gynocriticism in literary theory and criticism? Already a member? In comparison with other 'political' forms of criticism, there has been relatively little dispute about the moral and philosophical aims of ecocriticism, although its scope has broadened from nature writing, romantic poetry, and canonical literature to take in film, television, theatre, animal stories, architectures, scientific narratives and an extraordinary range of literary texts. <> 0000002759 00000 n Latest answer posted December 04, 2012 at 5:26:06 PM. Greg Garrard has dubbed 'pastoral ecology' the notion that nature undisturbed is balanced and harmonious,[13] while Dana Phillips has criticised the literary quality and scientific accuracy of nature writing in The Truth of Ecology. In the later, "second wave" ecocriticism, Meeker's adoption of an ecophilosophical position with apparent scientific sanction as a measure of literary value tended to prevail over Williams's ideological and historical critique of the shifts in a literary genre's representation of nature. People believed it was the duty of the humanities and the natural sciences together to raise awareness and come up with solutions for the environmental and climate crisis. % It is available as an inexpensive paperback. The first branch is Classic Pastoral which takes into consideration nature as a place where human gets peace of mind and identifies the self. 27 0 obj They also critique visions that are human-centered and man/male centered. 0000000010 00000 n L.O.3\j``] t)abr#o080 eh vl4# The final published version has been much altered, thanks to the comments of Scott Slovic and Timothy Morton. In her recent 2014 essay 'A Guided Tour of Ecocriticism, with Excursions to Catherland,' Cheryll Glotfelty has made a detailed comparison between the three developmental phases of feminism suggested by Elaine Showalter and the developmental stages of ecocritcism. (16) Waves in the Ecocritical Palimpsest As Cheryll Glotfelty noted in the Introduction to The Ecocriticism Reader, "Just as feminist criticism examines language . 0000005526 00000 n British marxist critic Raymond Williams, for example, wrote a seminal critique of pastoral literature in 1973, The Country and the City. Similarly, there has been a call to recognize the place of the environmental justice movement in redefining ecocritical discourse. 85lN=xCeag[9&<>&/W{)AxY@XTAA!%#*:E\*@B@ H$("%:P] LEXw'ctaV,#& L/\vfq0i;ne . trailer 0000000016 00000 n Wilderness examines the ways in which the wilderness is constructed, valued and engaged with. The definitive version was published in Environmental Education Research, Volume 16 Issue 2, April 2010. doi:10.1080/13504621003624704 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504621003624704) "". "What are the phases of ecocriticism? 0000045903 00000 n It then focuses on contemporary and emergent theorisations, in particular the global inection of current post-colonial ecocriticism and the environmental justice movement, which introduces the new paradigm of eco-cosmopolitics, and the recent formulation of ecocritical post- humanism. Ecocriticism and the Transnational Turn in American Studies, Problems and Prospects in Ecocritical Pedagogy, Mapping Common Ground: Ecocriticism, Environmental History, and the Environmental Humanities, Ecocriticism, Genre, and Climate Change: Reading the Utopian Vision of Kim Stanley Robinson's Science in the Capital Trilogy, Byzantine Ecocriticism: Women, Nature, and Power in the Medieval Greek Romance, Discourses of Nation, National Ecopoetics, and Ecocriticism In the Face of the US: Canada and Korea As Case Studies, Nature and Culture in Contemporary British and Estonian Literature: A Material Ecocritical Reading of Monique Roffey and Andrus Kivirhk, Exploring Relationships between Poetry and Nature in Salah Jaheen's "On the Name of Egypt", Ecocriticism and a Non-Anthropocentric Humanism, Against Authenticity: Global Knowledges and Postcolonial Ecocriticism, with Cara Cilano, ISLE, Postcolonialism, in Garrard, Ed., Oxford Companion to Ecocriticism. Ecocriticism: a young and still evolving paradigm The term ecocriticism was coined by William Rueckert in his 1978 essay Literature and Ecology: An Experiment in Ecocriticism (Glotfelty, 1996: xxviii). 25 41 0000056130 00000 n Start your 48-hour free trial to get access to more than 30,000 additional guides and more than 350,000 Homework Help questions answered by our experts. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. During the late-1980s poet Jack Collom was awarded a 2nd National Endowment for the Arts grant, for his ground-breaking work in this emerging genre. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2013, "Save the Planet on Your Own Time? The first phase was mostly about writing that focused on the natural world and the way people must. Eds. ", Abolfotoh, Inas. [1] It was first originated by Joseph Meeker as an idea called literary ecology in his The Comedy of Survival: Studies in Literary Ecology (1972). 0000073541 00000 n This paper briey traces the history of ecocriticism, discussing its initial development in the USA and Britain, outlining the two strands of social ecology and deep ecology that underpin its ongoing formulation, and tracing the waves of its development. 38 0 obj Today, with the development and expansion of ecocritical studies, any line between human and nonhuman nature has necessarily blurred. Home Eco Criticism Ecocriticism: An Essay, By NASRULLAH MAMBROL on November 27, 2016 ( 3 ). All ecocritics share an environmentalist motivation of some sort, but whereas the majority are 'nature endorsing',[12] some are 'nature sceptical'. maturing ecocriticism. However, after the eighteenth century, there emerged many voices that demanded a revaluation of the relationship between man and environment, and mans view of nature. 1-17. The most important environmental problems that humankind faces as a whole are: nuclear war, depletion of valuable natural resources, population explosion, proliferation of exploitative technologies, conquest of space preliminary to using it as a garbage dump, pollution, extinction of species (though not a human problem) among others. Deep ecology, for instance, stressed on a biocentric view (as seen in the name of the environmentalist group, Earth First!!). The first phase was mostly about writing that focused on the natural world and the way people must strive to value and preserve that world. Believing that ecocriticism can illuminate theater's participation in our ecologi- third wave ecocriticism, first wave ecocriticism, second wave ecocriticism, comparative, transnational, eco-cosmopolitanism, material ecofeminism, green queer theory, animality, commitment Abstract << /Length 32 0 R /Filter [ /FlateDecode ] >> 0000001847 00000 n 0000034087 00000 n 0000002299 00000 n Ecocriticism, which has evovled in the recent decades as one of the most dynamic interactions in the academic domains of literary and environmental studies, bringing environmentally confluent socio-cultural orientations to literary studies (Oppermann 401), is continually expanding itself beyond the traditional Anglo-American pastoral, wilderness writings and trying to be global and transnational in its treatment of nature and environment relationship in literature. New World portrays the wilderness as a place of sanctuary where one can find relaxation and reflection, similar to classical pastoral ecocriticism. "[17] The article is shortly followed by a thorough representation of Material Islamecocriticism in "Matter Really Matters: A Poetic Material Islamecocritical Reading of Inanimateness Animism"[18] which appeared in Kritika Kultura. 0000020612 00000 n 0000013426 00000 n Pastoral, found primarily in British and American literature, focuses on the dichotomy between urban and rural life, often idealizing nature and rural life and demonizing urban life. 0000036641 00000 n So far, there have been two waves of ecocriticism: the first in the 1980s and the second in the 1990s. It draws on contributions from natural scientists, writers, literary critics, anthropologists and historians in examining the differences between nature and its cultural construction. Issue.3., 2017 (July-Sept.) AN OVERVIEW OF ECOCRITICISM Dr. RABIA MUKHTAR Teacher, School Education Kashmir, J&K rabiawani@yahoo.co.in ABSTRACT Ecocriticism is a broad term concerned with nature writing and ecological themes in literature. "Beyond Romantic Ecocriticism: Toward Urbanatural Roosting." << /S 96 /I 222 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 207 >> 0000060825 00000 n Ecocriticism should absorb some theoretical ideas from ecoaes-thetics so as to fill some of the gaps that have existed in ecocriticism during the past three decades. [20] Other disciplines, such as history, economics, philosophy, ethics, and psychology, are also considered by ecocritics to be possible contributors to ecocriticism. : Literary Movements", https://dx.doi.org/10.13185/KK2021.003706, "Empirical Ecocriticism: Environmental Texts and Empirical Methods", Explorations in Ecocriticism: Advocacy, Bioregionalism, and Visual Design, The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America, ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and the Environment, Ecozon@: European Journal of Literature, Culture and Environment, European Association for the Study of Literature, Culture and Environment (EASLCE), Nordic Network for Interdisciplinary Environmental Studies (NIES), GIECO: Grupo de Investigacin en Ecocrtica, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecocriticism&oldid=1143204652. Not only do ecocritics determine the actual meaning of nature writing texts, but they use those texts for analyzing the practices of society in relationship to nature. 0000005503 00000 n 0000003809 00000 n 0000012495 00000 n Please note that this conference will be held . This wave also led to the ecojustice movement by examining the way that the poorest and most oppressed members of a population fall victim to the most adverse effects of climate change and environmental degradation. 0000230910 00000 n Let's look at each of these. The essential assumptions, ideas and methods of ecocritics may be summed up as follows. The Oxford Handbook of Ecocriticism. "Postcolonial Studies and Ecocriticism" (with Hans-Georg Erney), Literature and Environment, the Long View: Thoughts from the Founders of ASLE, On the Margins of Ecocriticism: A European Perspective, Global Warming, Globalization, and Environmental Literary History. Latest answer posted October 03, 2020 at 5:09:55 PM. Latest answer posted May 06, 2020 at 12:22:53 AM. 0000167663 00000 n , . Transformations: The Journal of Inclusive Scholarship and Pedagogy. 0000050497 00000 n Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Alex, Rayson K., S. Susan Deborah & Sachindev P.S. Author Posting. Ecocriticism as a discipline and as a method blends the humanities and the sciences, the spiritual and the physical, to analyze the environment, plus find out ways in which the contemporary environmental situation could be addressed and improved. "Affective Ecocriticism: Emotion, Embodiment, Environment". 0000004964 00000 n 33 0 obj Brazeau, Robert and Derek Gladwin.Introduction: James Joyce and Ecocriticism. Eco-Joyce: The Environmental Imagination of James Joyce. [9], More recently, in an article that extends ecocriticism to Shakespearean studies, Estok argues that ecocriticism is more than "simply the study of Nature or natural things in literature; rather, it is any theory that is committed to effecting change by analyzing the functionthematic, artistic, social, historical, ideological, theoretical, or otherwiseof the natural environment, or aspects of it, represented in documents (literary or other) that contribute to material practices in material worlds". Cambridge: Cambridge Scholarly Press, 2011. In this paper, I desire to show how ecocriticism, during its second and third waves, has shifted its attention from its early Anglo-American focus on the pastoral life or the wilderness in literature to the urban or built landscapes and the sociocentric issues like environmental justice, eco-imperialism, multi-ethnicity, eco-feminism, bioregionalism and postcolonial ecocriticism. Rich-ard Grove et als massive Nature and the Orient (1998), David Arnold and Ramachandra Guhas Nature, Culture, Imperialism (1995) have been significant work in the environmental history of India and Southeast Asia. The late twentieth century has woken up to a new threat: ecological disaster. Ecocriticism is one of the ways in which humanists fight for the world in which they live. Ecocriticism is the result of this new consciousness: that very soon, there will be nothing beautiful (or safe) in nature to discourse about, unless we are very careful. %PDF-1.4 % << /Length 37 0 R /Filter [ /FlateDecode ] >> Some scholars identify three phases or waves of ecocriticism. Ecocriticism began as an environmentalist literary movement that challenged Marxists and New Historicists over the meaning and significance of British Romanticism. endstream 1 (2010): New Ecocritical Perspectives: European and Transnational Ecocriticism, https://doi.org/10.37536/ECOZONA.2010.1.1.312. Paperback, 2012. trailer 0000001914 00000 n [7] Lawrence Buell defines "'ecocriticism' as [a] study of the relationship between literature and the environment conducted in a spirit of commitment to environmentalist praxis". 3 0 obj Los crticos que adoptan el enfoque transcultural exploran las tensiones entre lo global y lo local, las nuevas variedades del ecofeminismo, las nociones de animalidad y las formas de integrar la literatura en el activismo medioambiental. 0000005174 00000 n << /FontFile2 55 0 R /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 985 /Descent -216 /Flags 32 /FontBBox [ -165 -306 1245 1201 ] /FontName /FONTAA+Century /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 0 /XHeight 457 /CapHeight 722 >> 0000017815 00000 n 0000010542 00000 n %%EOF 35 0 obj Arne Naess, a Norwegian philosopher, developed the notion of Deep Ecology which emphasizes the basic interconnectedness of all life forms and natural features, and presents a symbiotic and holistic world-view rather than an anthropocentric one. Aesthetics of the future. Two notable strengths: (1) it acknowledges the political dimension of ecocriticism; and (2) it explores a range of issues, from animal studies and definitions of "wilderness" and "nature," to postapocalyptic narratives. Such anthropocentrism is identified in the tragic conception of a hero whose moral struggles are more important than mere biological survival, whereas the science of animal ethology, Meeker asserts, shows that a "comic mode" of muddling through and "making love not war" has superior ecological value. Its a Queer Thing: Early Modern French Ecocriticism. Ecocriticism does not confine itself to the imaginitive literatures, but also likes to include writings from non-literary disciplines such as ecology, anthropology, natural sciences, psychology,. Estok, Simon C. (2005). Far from noises and pollution of city life, ecocriticism makes a call for a return to nature. An attempt to articulate ecocriticism, French studies, queer theory, and early modernity. 0000015374 00000 n %%EOF Log in here. Ecocriticism is the study of literature and ecology from an interdisciplinary point of view, where literature scholars analyze texts that illustrate environmental concerns and examine the various ways literature treats the subject of nature. Ashton Nichols has recently argued that the historical dangers of a romantic version of nature now need to be replaced by "urbanatural roosting", a view that sees urban life and the natural world as closely linked and argues for humans to live more lightly on the planet, the way virtually all other species do.[16]. 0000019588 00000 n In such a context, literary and cultural theory has begun to address the issue as a part of academic discourse. While William Rueckert may have been the first person to use the term ecocriticism (Barry 240) in his 1978 essay entitled Literature and Ecology: An Experiment in Ecocriticism, ecocriticism as a movement owes much to Rachel Carson's 1962 environmental expos Silent Spring. 0 environment has developed to a certain stage" [7]. There are two branches of ecofeminism: The first branch of ecofeminism embraces the idea that women are inherently closer to nature than men on a biological, spiritual and emotional level. In China, two major conferences have taken place during the autumn of 2008. Abstract. As Glotfelty noted in The Ecocriticism Reader, "One indication of the disunity of the early efforts is that these critics rarely cited one another's work; they didn't know that it existedEach was a single voice howling in the wilderness. stream 0000011548 00000 n Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. 0000020455 00000 n 0000005688 00000 n Environmental Humanities Center", "What is Ecocriticism? Greg Gerrard, a best seller author of ecocriticism, has divided the pastoral theory into three branches. 0000114877 00000 n 0000034953 00000 n 1516 38 Eds. [14], In response to the question of what ecocriticism is or should be, Camilo Gomides has offered an operational definition that is both broad and discriminating: "The field of enquiry that analyzes and promotes works of art which raise moral questions about human interactions with nature, while also motivating audiences to live within a limit that will be binding over generations". Westling, Louise (ed.). Gomides, Camilo. Numerous green movements have sprung up all over the world, and some have even gained representations in the governments. Sketching a broad overview of this development, I contend that transnationalization of ecocriticism does not necessarily induce an opposition between the local and global sense of place; rather, ecocriticism invites a rethinking of the local in the context of its global configurations.". Ecocritics ask questions such as: Educators go through a rigorous application process, and every answer they submit is reviewed by our in-house editorial team. The historian Arnold Toynbee recorded the effect of human civilisation upon the land and nature in his monumental, Mankind and Mother Earth (1976). Rueckert, William. wysck8@C+H ~N*76g:Gj /&.,~*$e|LxLxxJ1~K,7cx56OY|v "[22] Nevertheless, ecocriticismunlike feminist and Marxist criticismsfailed to crystallize into a coherent movement in the late 1970s, and indeed only did so in the US in the 1990s. Ecocriticism, which began with the study of the 19th century British Romantic literature and the wrtings of the American transcendentalist writers, has already witnessed its second and third waves . The work of environmental historians has been pathbreaking too. 32 0 obj Translating Ecocriticism: Dialoguing with Michel Serres, Theorizing Ecocriticism: Toward a Postmodern Ecocritical Practice, Globality, Difference, and the International Turn in Ecocriticism, Under the Signs of Ecocriticism: An Interview with Prof. Scott Slovic - Interviewed by Sayyed Ali Mirenayat and Elaheh Soofastaei, Krupar, Shiloh. Robert Brazeau and Derek Gladwin. A topic sentence may go anywhere in a paragraph: true or false. Ecocriticism , which began with the study of the 19th century British Romantic literature and the wrtings of the American transcendentalist writers, has already witnessed its second and third waves. 2 0 obj << /Type /Font /BaseFont /FONTAA+Century /Subtype /Type0 /Encoding /Identity-H /DescendantFonts [ 29 0 R ] /ToUnicode 31 0 R >> Writer Du Guanghui Chinese writer Du was born in the northern suburb of Xi'an in 1954. << /FontFile2 57 0 R /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 891 /Descent -216 /Flags 32 /FontBBox [ -558 -327 2000 1055 ] /FontName /FONTAB+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 0 /XHeight 456 /CapHeight 662 >> Le Simplegadi 15.17 (2017): 314-324. Latest answer posted July 01, 2021 at 5:20:56 PM. New York: Rodopi, 2007. "[19] Recently, "empirical ecocritics" have begun empirically evaluating the influence of ecofiction on its readers. Literature-and-Environment Studies and the Influence of the Environmental Justice Movement. in A Companion to American Literature and Culture. As a response to felt needs and real crises, and as an inherently wholistic practice, eco-criticism also has an inherent ideological if not moral component. 0000001681 00000 n 0000046171 00000 n "First-wave" ecocriticism is inclined to celebrate nature . endobj Certainly, Cohen adds his voice to such critique, noting that one of the problems of ecocriticism has been what he calls its "praise-song school" of criticism. Romantic is characterized by portraying rural independence as desirable. 34 0 obj [11], As Michael P. Cohen has observed, "if you want to be an ecocritic, be prepared to explain what you do and be criticized, if not satirized." There are three branches of pastoral ecocriticism: classical, romantic and American. ", Zapf, Hubert. 0000203233 00000 n xUn >nY+E\:Ma(8RC~X l>{@=zg8pQijJL-&nuN| 0000056597 00000 n Let's look at each of these. stream Ecocriticism expands the notion of the world to include the entire ecosphere. [8], Simon Estok noted in 2001 that "ecocriticism has distinguished itself, debates notwithstanding, firstly by the ethical stand it takes, its commitment to the natural world as an important thing rather than simply as an object of thematic study, and, secondly, by its commitment to making connections". from Franciscan University of Steubenville M.A. Classical is characterized by nostalgia and nature as a place for human relaxation and reflection. However, it was only in the late eighties to early nineties that a community of scholars who 0000001665 00000 n Defines "ecophobia" as a fear and hatred of nature, a destructive ideology that intersects with other forms of social oppression, and proposes that ecocriticism must therefore be intersectional, engaged with social activism, and interdisciplinary in its approachbeyond the "thematic and symbolic readings" that have characterized many ecocritical 2023 eNotes.com, Inc. All Rights Reserved, https://www.science.smith.edu/climatelit/ecocriticism/. 0000001469 00000 n "Islamecocriticism: Green Islam Introduced to Ecocriticism. xU0Hu$D`XGe^ iQ1] =fwh>rhLaM#^~>u}w25}yO&14qhSz0i1Wht>_x:Uwf[Lj 37 0 obj endobj 1 No. 0000002872 00000 n 0000034310 00000 n 0000006810 00000 n Ramachandra Guha is of course the most important environmental historian writing from India today. & Robert Zeller, eds. 0 Desert Solitaire: A Season in the Wilderness, The Comedy of Survival: A Literary Ecology and a Play Ethic, Politics of Nature: How to Bring the Sciences into Democracy, Aravecz, N. Ecocriticism 101 Reading List., https://www.nypl.org/blog/2014/10/28/ecocriticism-reading-list, https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/subject_specific_writing/writing_in_literature/literary_theory_and_schools_of_criticism/ecocriticism.html. Cloud State University M.A. endobj 29 0 obj Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2018. << /Type /Font /BaseFont /FONTAC+TimesNewRomanPSMT /Subtype /Type0 /Encoding /Identity-H /DescendantFonts [ 39 0 R ] /ToUnicode 41 0 R >> 0000016637 00000 n Alberta Natasia Adji_Island of the Aunts: Growing Sensibility toward Environment in Children's Literature. Ed.by Serpil Oppermann, Ufuk zda, Nevin zkan and Scott Slovic, Echoes from the Opposite Shore: Chinese Ecocritical Studies as a Transpacific Dialogue Delayed, Special Issue EJES: Dislocations and Ecologies, Special Forum on Ecocriticism and Theory: Part I: "An Alliance of the Elements", New Directions for Ecofeminism: Toward a More Feminist Ecocriticism. 48-55, STAUNCHING NIGER DELTA'S OIL CURSE: STEMMING THE TIDE OF YOUTH RESTIVENESS IN CHIMEKA GARRICKS'S TOMORROW DIED YESTERDAY (2010, Sustainability and/or Survival of Literature in the Contemporary World Some Theoretical Premises of Ecocriticism, Anglo-Saxon Literary Landscapes: Ecotheory and the Environmental Imagination, Coming to Terms: The Poetics of More-than-human Worlds. 242 Ecocriticism expands the notion of "the world" to include the entire ecosphere. A representative of second-wave ecocriticism is the 2002 Environmental Justice Reader: Politics, Poetics, and Pedagogy. =W^FKX+M ^kwjh4 D&nd%]?=zb`ho$M2}w9)]JOk.DNz4-dhuk2g|u>zFrV9seIfrT,B&Hcq|2[=/h9 MN]Hy'u. 0000006002 00000 n << /FontFile2 59 0 R /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 891 /Descent -216 /Flags 32 /FontBBox [ -568 -306 2045 1039 ] /FontName /FONTAC+TimesNewRomanPSMT /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 0 /XHeight 447 /CapHeight 662 >> Writer Du Guanghui and His Work Hoh Xil Wolf 3.1. What are the features of a story of initiation? 4 0 obj The second phase of ecocriticism expanded some and included an examination of urban situations as well. This emphasises the imbrication of the human in earths matrix, drawing on the insights of ecofeminism, phenomenology and biosemiotics, and has its most recent incarnation in the currently emerging eld of material ecocriticism, which, in its engagement with the complex entanglement of the human and the non-human, the social and the scientic, hints at a more dissonant paradigm. 39 0 obj It draws parallels between women and nature, which is often seen as feminine, fertile and the property of men. This special issue of the European Journal of English Studies addresses the dislocation of bodies (human and non-human), concepts, cultures, and goods across borders of various kinds not just in relation to notions of mobility, but with special attention to their interaction with their surrounding environments. Ecocriticisms second wave emerged in the 2000s through a more complex understanding of the overall history of global environmentalism and environmental justice. (3) Moreover, there is a definite link between nature and culture, where the literary treatment, representation and thematisation of land and nature influence actions on the land. Glotfelty, Cheryll and Harold Fromm (Eds). The second wave of ecocriticism distinguishes itself from the first wave by prioritizing the exploration of issues such as environmental resource distribution, environmental justice, minority and socioeconomic impacts related to environmental circumstances. ISSN 2171-9594 www.ecozona.euUniversidad de Alcal, Literature; Culture; Environment; Ecocriticism; Ecofeminism; Animal Studies; Bio-art; Environmental Ethics, third wave ecocriticism, first wave ecocriticism, second wave ecocriticism, comparative, transnational, eco-cosmopolitanism, material ecofeminism, green queer theory, animality, commitment, Vol. This form of criticism has gained a lot of attention during recent years due to higher social emphasis on environmental destruction and increased technology. Eco-critical approaches, thus, can be theoretical, historical, pedagogical, analytical, psychological, rhetorical, and on and on, including combinations of the above. Ecocriticism seeks to study, explore and analyse ___________ texts to add to the canon in literary and cultural studies, the role of placephysical, topographical, builtin literature and other cultural texts (it sees the 'world' in textsroutinely studied as social worlds by other theoretical approachesas the natural world), environmental (3) Moreover, there is a definite link between nature and culture, where the literary treatment, representation and "thematisation" of land and nature influence actions on the land. Critics adopting the transcultural approach are exploring tensions between the global and the local, new varieties of ecofeminism, conceptions of animality, and ways of integrating literature in environmental activism.
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